About Turkey

Population: 77,800,000
Capital City: Ankara
Official Language(s): Turkish and Kurdish
Currency: Turkish Lira
Calling Code: +90

The geographical terrain of Turkey would appeal to any tourist for contrary to the projection of its landscape as dry and dusty it is endowed with large lush agricultural valleys, rambling rivers, magnificent hills and plains laden with brightly lit flowers. It has a coastline close to 8500 kms making it one of the most attractive beach tourist destinations. It lays equi-distance between east and west of the world, for which reason it is called as a country that lies at the heart of east /west divide of the world. Its borders are adjacent to Greece, Bulgaria, Georgia, Armenia, Iran and Iraq and are covered by Black sea, the Mediterranean and The Aegean. The Black Sea Mountains are situated in the north and the Tarus Mountains surround the south from where Tigris and Euphrates rivers rise. The biblical mountain known as the Noah’s Ark has an astounding height of 5137 meters. Asia Minor constituting 97% of the country forms a long and wide peninsula comprising 1650km (1025 miles) from east to the west and 650 km (400 miles) from North to the South.

Historians start with the invasion of Turks into Anatolia dating back to 11C and keeping this as the beginning point it is synonymous with the culture and civilisation of nomadic Turks. It was followed by the rise of the Ottoman Turks, who asserted their supremacy by the end of 13C and reached its peak by the end of 16C from then onwards it declined. A multitude of factors as corruption, nepotism and the misrule of Sultans pulled down the Ottoman Empire. In the early 1900 the Young Turks finally dethroned Abdulhamit but although his replacement in Mehmet was only name sake, yet the country during their era (1908-18) saw a rapid development in agriculture, industry and other sectors. There was a change in the religious mind-set and the attitude towards women. It became secular and women were emancipated. Modern Turkey emerged after 1923 but was characterized by several coups. Two names who always would dominate the history of Turkey are Alexander the Great and Kemal Ataturk. The former was the greatest military leader the world has ever known, and the later one was the foremost reformer of modern Turkey.

Naturally, one would find the influence Anatolian civilisation in Turkey’s culture. Folk music is part and parcel of such a culture but what is more unique about it is that people create their own music, which is not written, but passed from one to another. Each region follows its own tradition in the type of costumes, use of instruments and the method of dancing. Each occasion is characterized a form of dancing suiting it. It is different for weddings, harvest or welcoming the guest. Horon, Kasik Oyunu and Kilic are the famously known ones which you should ask witness and participate.

Safety and Special Considerations

For visiting coastal resorts in the summer, light and casual clothing would suffice. If you would be in Black Sea Coasts, also, carrying a rain coat would become handy. For staying in inland Turkey and higher altitudes, prior to the onset of winter you would have to carry sweaters but after the onset you need woolen clothing and coat. If you are going to be in a coastal region or Istanbul during the winter, you would have to pack yourself with lighter warm clothes but do not forget to take a rain coat.

During a visit to religion palaces as a mosque, it is imperative for the women to take and wear a head scarf. Archeological and historical sites you would look smarter with sunglasses and hats, especially if you are there during the summer.

Otherwise, street crime is less but totally not devoid of it. Tourist should take care of their personal belongings and valuable as pick pocketing or deceptive money luring activities are common. Accepting food from a stranger could land you into the risk of getting mugged. Coastal areas seem to be more vulnerable to these crimes.

Entry Requirements

It varies from country to a country but for whomever a visa is needed to enter Turkey it is necessary to file the application in person and at least 30 days in advance from the date you intend entering the country. Passports should have a minimum validity of 90 days when the Visa application is made.

Must See

In general, Turkey is a destination you can visit and enjoy in any part of the year. Since each one may have a particular area of interest the following tips would be helpful. Destinations to be visited could be chosen from Istanbul, Mammaries, Antalya, Ankara, Izmir, and Cappadocia.

Lovers of beach would find April to June and September to October the best periods in a year for during these months the shores of Aegean and Mediterranean are ideal for sunbathing. Though the sun may be shining bright yet the heat would not cause discomfort. Those who like sightseeing roughly the same months would suit them for during this period Central Anatolia is a lot cooler. Easter Anatolia’s weather would be conducive in May, June, September and early October.

In case you are planning to visit during the rest of months, be ready for doing your sightseeing under heavy rains.

Whatever may be the time of your visit, you would not have a dull moment for there are a variety of activities, as Blue Voyage, Hot Springs and Spas, Yachting, Rafting, etc. that would keep you engaged and absorbed.

A view over historic Turkey

Credit: Greenwich

About Albania

Population: 3,164,000
Capital City: Tirana
Official Language(s): Albanian
Currency: Albanian Lek
Calling Code: +355

Albania is a Balkan country located in South Eastern Europe. A former Communist state since 1992 it has moved towards its current democratic political system and free market economy. Albania’s beautiful shoreline merges the boundaries of both the Ionian and Adriatic Seas. With a land area of around 11,000 sq miles, the country neighbours Montenegro to the north, Kosovo to the northeast, Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south. Just across the Adriatic Sea lies Italy – only 150km apart, it is possible to take a ferry from Brindisi, Italy to Vlore in a journey taking approximately 4.5 hours across the Strait of Otranto.

Today, Albania is an emerging democratic country with membership of NATO and the United Nations. In 2009 the country made formal its candidacy for European Union membership and in November of that year the European Commission began to assess Albania’s preparation for negotiations to take place.

Known inhabitation of the land that makes up today’s Albania dates back millennia to the Illyrian people. Ancient relics of the country’s long history exist today, including the remains of Butrint, an ancient Greek settlement and UNESCO World Heritage Site in southern Albania.

Albania gained its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1912 after centuries of Turkish control. After the Second World War Albania was politically aligned with the Soviet Union and became a strict Communist state lasting right up until the 1990s.

Coastal Albania has a Mediterranean climate with mild winters and warm summers. The climate inland is affected by the more mountainous terrain and is therefore typically cooler in the winter. The average temperature difference between North and South is as much as 5 degrees Celsius across the year.

Culture

A large majority of the population is ethnically Albanian. Small minorities include pockets of Greeks, Serbs and Bulgarians. There is very little data regarding the religion of Albanians and respective estimates suggest differing percentages of Muslims, Christians and atheists. However, the country is generally regarded to be predominantly Muslim.

Irrespective of their religious affiliation, Albanians are often considered to place a high importance on hospitality, generosity and loyalty. Folk music is especially popular within the country and often follows themes of patriotism and history.

The Albanian language is classified as Indo-European.

Safety and Special Considerations

The political climate in the wider Balkans region remains tense but the area is largely peaceful. The disputed territory of Kosovo is primarily Albanian but the border in the northeast should be avoided due to poor roads and infrastructure. Unexploded mines likely still exist in this region.

The rest of the country is generally safe public security is good. Organised crime and violence are a problem in some parts of Tirana and so caution should be exercised at all times. Overall, however, security is excellent in the capital city and Albanians are hospitable to visitors.

Albania’s roads (particularly in rural regions) are in a bad state of repair and large quantities of motorists have an aggressive style of driving. Care should be taken at all times to drive safely and avoid hostility.

Entry Requirements

Those from America and the EU do not require a visa to enter Albania. If you plan to stay longer than 90 days in any given 180 day period you must apply for a Residency Permit at a police station.

A passport with a minimum of six months validity is required for entry and exit.

Must See

• Saranda in the south has beautiful clear waters and white, sandy beaches.
• Durres on the Adriatic coastline has lovely architecture and beaches.
• Tirana is a large, bustling, westernized city. It is home to many cultural and architectural sights, as well as great restaurants and clubs.
• The city of Kruje is worth a visit if only to look around the Skanderbeg Museum and castle.
• If you enjoy climbing and mountainous regions, Korca is the place for you.

Church in Pogradec, Albania

Credit: Michael Sujka

About Armenia

Population: 3,450,000
Capital City: Yerevan
Official Language(s): Armenian
Currency: Armenian Dram
Calling Code: +374

Armenia boasts the distinction of being the first nation to follow Christianity officially (dating back to the beginning of the 4th century). This landlocked state sits on the boundary between Eastern Europe and Western Asia, sharing major borders with Turkey in the west, Georgia in the North, Azerbaijan in the east and Iran to the south.

Today Armenia is a democratic nation with fully fledged membership of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization and the Council of Europe amongst others. In addition it holds a respectable ranking of 31st in the WSJ Economic Freedom Index. This comes despite the turmoil of the 20th century, in which the Armenian people suffered first persecution and then Soviet control. Independence was restored in 1991 following the collapse of the Soviet Union and today conditions in the country are steadily improving with a successful move to a full market economy.

Tensions remain over the unrecognized state of Nagorno-Karabakh officially considered to be a part of Azerbaijan. Conflict erupted in the late 80s and early 90s as Armenians backed a movement for independence supported in the region. A cease-fire has, however, been observed since 1994. Relations with Turkey are also strained but Armenia maintains close ties with both Russia and Iran.

Armenia has a long and colourful ancient history. The Hittite Empire flourished in the region around 1300 BC followed by Hayasa-Azzi, the Nairi and the Kingdom of Urartu. Later in the 7th century BC the Kingdom of Armenia was formally created.

Armenia has a very mountainous terrain with the peak sitting over 13,000 feet above sea level. Whilst summers are warm and dry, high snowfall in the winter months makes Armenia attractive to skiers.

Ethnic Armenians make up the vast majority of the population, most all of whom follow Christianity. Whilst the population of Armenia itself is around 3.5 million there is a sizeable diaspora worldwide (believed to be around 8 million). Around 2 million reside in Russia, over 1 million in the United States and approximately 600,000 in France.

The Armenian language is a distinctive Indo European language, but over three quarters of Armenians also speak Russian whilst English is becoming increasingly commonplace.

Warm hospitality is prized in Armenia, and dining customs stem from ancient traditions. Elaborate presentation is prized whilst courses tend to be well seasoned and tasteful but not spicy! Alcohol is served during meals, with red wine being particularly popular. It is considered polite to treat guests with great warmth and so on entrance to an Armenian household it is commonplace to be offered food and drink.

Genres of music popular in Armenia include local folk tracks, which often feature a distinctive instrument popular in the Caucasus region called a ‘duduk’. Christian and pop music also has a wide audience. Popular Armenian performers over the decades include Adiss Harmandian, Sirusho and System of a Down. Pop star Cher (Cherilyn Sarkisian) is of Armenian heritage too!

Armenia has produced great chess players over the years including Tigran Petrosian – a former world champion. Widely practiced sports include wrestling, weightlifting and football. World famous sportsmen of Armenian origin include Youri Djokaeff and Armen Nazarian.

Safety and Special Considerations

Due to the aforementioned dispute over the state of Nagorno-Karabakh the border with Azerbaijan should be avoided if at all possible. In particular the areas of Tavush and Gegharkunic are potentially unsafe with reports of ongoing but nonetheless sporadic conflict.

Violent crime is fairly low but precautions should be taken to avoid petty thefts and pickpocketing. Keep your valuables in a safe place and remain aware of your surroundings.

Armenia’s roads are by and large in a poor state of repair. You should be cautious when driving and be on alert for reckless and dangerous motorists.

Non-scheduled or non-international flights should be avoided if possible. There is some evidence that Eastern airline companies operating in Armenia aren’t meeting international safety standards.

Entry Requirements

US and EU citizens must obtain a visa before entering Armenia. It is possible to obtain one on arrival in the country. Applications can also be submitted online.

You should ensure your passport holds a minimum validity of 6 months beyond the date of your planned exit.

Must See

The monasteries of Haghpat and Sanahin are recognised UNESCO World Heritage sites. Both steeped in centuries of history they are truly worth a visit if only to soak up Armenia’s long and colourful past. Tourism is largely rooted in the country’s host of wonderful historical landmarks and natural wonders. Highlights include Lake Sevan, the springs of Arzni and the rugged mountains and cliffs in the south.

Mount Ararat (now technically situated in Turkey) is a hugely recognished symbol of Armenia and is visible from the Southwest region.

Yerevan (the capital city) is without doubt the focal point of this nation. Packed full of history and culture there are dozens of museums, theatres and beautifully constructed buildings to enjoy. The Matenadaran houses over 16,000 ancient manuscripts detailing fascinating works from philosophers including Aristotle. The National Art Gallery has a fabulous collection too and should be squeezed into a visit at all costs!

Republic Square, Yerevan, Armenia

About Andorra

Population: 88,500
Capital City: Andorra la Vella
Official Language(s): Catalan
Currency: Euro
Calling Code: +376

With a land area a little over 180 sq miles, Andorra is classified as a European microstate. It effectively straddles the border between France and Spain but is believed to have existed as a nation in its own right for over a thousand years. Over the centuries, control over Andorra has variously been shared by French and Spanish royalty, in addition to the Andorrans themselves.

Notably, in 1933 French forces occupied Andorra during a period of turbulence surrounding elections. French troops remained in the country until 1940, officially to prevent trouble spreading from the Spanish Civil War.

Bordering France and the Spanish community of Catalonia, Andorra exhibits a sense of individuality whilst holding close parallels to the strong Catalan identity. Although relatively isolated through much of history, today Andorra is a wealthy nation with membership of both the United Nations and the Council of Europe. It also boasts a booming tourist industry thanks in no small part to lush ski slopes, a pleasant climate and truly beautiful scenery.

Andorra’s political system is somewhat antiquated. As a parliamentary democracy, Andorrans elect a Prime Minister who leads what is known as the ‘General Council’. The incumbent President of France (currently Nicolas Sarkozy) is recognised as a ‘co-prince’ but holds a largely ceremonial role, as does the Roman Catholic Bishop of Urgell located in Catalonia.

Culture

Located in the Pyrenees, Andorra’s landscape is dominated by mountains. Whilst the climate is comparable to Southern France and Northern Spain, Andorra sees more snowfall due to its higher elevation. This makes it a prime location for ski resorts.

The culture of Andorra has strong ties with that of Catalonia and the nation’s sole official language is indeed Catalan. Spanish, French and Portuguese, however, are all used in various settings.

Writers famous in the region include Ramon Villero and Ricard Fiter. Music too plays an important role in the Andorran culture and the country has its own national orchestra.

Andorra also stages the annual Escaldes jazz festival, popular with enthusiasts worldwide.

The national dance is Sardana – a traditional circle dance.

Safety and Special Considerations

Travellers embarking on ski trips should take the necessary precautions whilst on the slopes. Weather and avalanche advice should never be ignored.

Petty crime is largely nonexistent but sensible precautions should nonetheless be taken.

The drink drive limit in Andorra is set extremely low and so the consumption of alcohol before using a vehicle is inadvisable. The country also enforces strict laws on the possession of drugs.

Entry Requirements

Andorra is not a member of the European Union and whilst EU and US nationals do not require a visa for entry, a work or residence permit is required for stays exceeding 90 days.

Must See

Over 10 million travellers enter Andorra annually, the majority of whom come from Spain, France and the United Kingdom. Popular ski resorts include Soldeu and Pal/Arinsal.

Andorra isn’t a member of the EU and due to lax tax laws many wealthy foreigners have been attracted to the country. Duty free products including cigarettes and alcohol are also a draw for tourists.

Another popular attraction is the shrine of Our Lady of Meritxell – a Catholic statue depicting the Virgin Mary.

Andorra Sights

Credit: Ian Mackenzie

About Akrotiri & Dhekelia

Population: 14,500 (approximately half Cypriot and half British military)
Capital City: Episkopi
Official Language(s): English and Greek
Currency: Euro
Calling Code: +357

Akrotiri and Dhekelia are two domains within Cyprus that represent the Overseas Sovereign Bases of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The territories are located on Cyprus’ south coast approximately 100km apart. Combined they represent 3% of Cyprus’ land area at 98 sq miles. Popular tourist resort Ayia Napa lies just to the east of Dhekelia.

The UK ceded Cyprus in 1960 but one of the conditions of independence was that a portion of land would remain occupied by the British military for strategic purposes. The regions are used for training but are retained also for potential use as a staging post for aircraft in times of conflict.

Today approximately 3,000 personnel from RAF Akrotiri and the British Army are stationed on the island year round. In total 7,500 British occupy the regions, the vast majority of whom are serving members of the military and direct family.

Over recent years there has been some suggestion that British troops could be withdrawn from Akrotiri and Dhekelia. In 2001 Cypriots staged angry protests in response to plans to build new radio masts. The majority of Cypriots are against British occupation of the territories and whilst various politicians have promised to fight for the land the UK has expressed no willingness to surrender the bases.

As of 2010, the UK has early plans to pull its army presence from the regions but maintain them as a staging point for aircraft.

Of the 14,500 inhabitants there is an approximate 50:50 split between British military personnel and Cypriots. You should refer to our articles on the UK and Cyprus to learn more about the respective traditions and cultures.

Many of the Cypriots within the regions are employed within the bases and most of the rest work on the surrounding farmland (60% of which is privately owned).

Safety and Special Considerations

Cyprus is hugely popular with travellers worldwide. It comes as little surprise given the island’s Mediterranean climate and beautiful beaches. Some parts of Akrotiri and Dhekelia will inevitably be restricted for military training, as are the bases themselves.

Entry Requirements

See Cyprus entry requirements.

Must See

Cyprus is a relatively small island at 3,571 sq miles and so travel within the country is easy and inexpensive. See our Cyprus guide for more information. By car the island can be traversed in approximately 3 hours.